Documents • Iowa State University • Avian Archives of Iowa Online

Title	Genres	Topics	Date (Start)	Date (End)	Type	Description	Creator/Author	Birds	Locations	Locality	Habitat	Remarks

Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Laughing Gull at Mississippi River Pool 18 in Des Moines County, 1989	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1989-09-09	1993-08-05	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Laughing Gulls at Mississippi River Pool 18 in Des Moines County, IA on September 9, 1989. Includes one record review document with votes, two photographs, analysis of the photograph, an Iowa Bird Life article, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Laughing Gull	Pool 18	Mississippi River, 2 south and 5 east of Kingston, Des Moines Co., Iowa.	Mississippi River several miles above dam.	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Louise Augustine and Dick Tetrault. \| Elimination of similar species: The juvenile bird is distinctive and I was able to pick it out quickly. When we first saw the second-year bird, we considered both Franklin's and Laughing gulls. A juvenile or first-winter Franklin's would not have uniform gray in the wing coverts. A second-summer or second-winter Franklin's Gull would not have a full tail band. The bill shape also favors Laughing Gull. The bird appears to be in second-winter plumage, except for the tail band which fits better with first-summer plumage. I was impressed with the soft grayness of the bird and its similarity the birds I photographed recently in North Carolina. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 09:30:00/11:15:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	10	18
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Common Black-headed Gull at Cherry Glen Recreation Area at Saylorville Reservoir, 1989	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1989-11-02	1993-08-05	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Common Black-headed Gull at Cherry Glen Recreation Area at Saylorville Reservoir in Polk County, IA on November 2, 1989. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, photocopies of four photographs, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Dinsmore, Stephen J.	Black-headed Gull	Cherry Glen Recreation Area	Saylorville Reservoir, Polk Co.-off Cherry Glen Rec. Area	large reservoir	The documentation form by Steve Dinsmore is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by B.J. Rose was submitted later. Other observers include Doug Rose, Roger Rose, and Ken Lowder. \| Elimination of similar species: Because of the fairly small size and conspicuous dark spot behind each eye, the bird must have been a Bonaparte's, Little, Common Black-headed, or Ross' gull, or a kittiwake. Separation from Bonaparte's Gull is discussed above. Little Gull eliminated by its smaller size, dark bill, lack of any black color on the upperwing, and uniformly dark underside to the flight feathers. Ross' Gull eliminated by tail shape, bill size and color, and darker underwing. Both kittiwakes eliminated by bill color, lighter mantle color, and differences in wing pattern. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 16:17:00/16:42:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	10	21
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Mountain Bluebird at Lake Anita State Park, 1989	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1989-03-07	1993-08-05	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for seven Mountain Bluebirds at Lake Anita State Park in Cass County, IA on March 7, 1989. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, a photograph, and four documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Myers, Robert K.	Mountain Bluebird	Lake Anita State Park	Lake Anita State Park	Hilly, grassy lake shore with red cedar	The documentation form by Bob Myers forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Steve Dinsmore, Ann Johnson, and Jim Fuller were submitted. Other observers include Beth Brown, James Dinsmore, L. Paul Hertzel, Eugene Armstrong, Eloise Armstrong, and many unidentified other observers. \| Elimination of similar species: Eastern bluebird would show reddish on throat and breast. Western bluebirds would be darker and also have chestnut on breast. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:00:00/10:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	5
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Thayer's Gull at Lock and Dam 19 at Keokuk, 1989	Administrative records Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1989-11-24	1993-08-06	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Thayer's Gulls at Lock and Dam 19 at Keokuk in Lee County, IA on November 24, 1989. Includes a record review document with votes, four photographs, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Cecil, Robert I.	Thayer's Gull	Lock Number 19	Behind Lock and Dam 19 at Keokuk in Lee County, Iowa (Iowa side)	River (Mississippi)	The documentation form by Robert Cecil is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include John Cecil, Tom Kent, and Francis Moore. \| Elimination of similar species: Only probable similar species is Herring, which has contrasty wings - dark trailing edge and darker wingtips. The Thayer's were obviously a lighter shade of brown than any Herrings present. I judged these birds to be somewhat smaller than any Herring. I could not totally rule out first year Glaucous-winged. According to NGS, Glaucous-wing has less mottling or scalloping. The Keokuk birds were obviously mottled. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 11:05:00/11:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	3
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Thayer's Gull at Saylorville Dam, 1989	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1989-12-07	1993-08-06	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Thayer's Gulls at Saylorville Dam in Polk County, IA on December 7, 1989. Includes a record review document with votes, a photocopy of a photograph on the cover page of Iowa Bird Life, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Dinsmore, Stephen J.	Thayer's Gull	Saylorville Dam	Saylorville Reservoir, Polk Co.	large reservoir	The documentation form by Steve Dinsmore is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: The size, uniform body and wing color, pale underside of the flight feathers, and tail band eliminates Herring and Glaucous/Iceland gulls, the most likely candidates for confusion. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:04:00/16:42:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	3
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Royal Tern at Pool 18 in Des Moines County, 1989	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1989-08-20	1993-08-06	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Royal Tern at Pool 18 in Des Moines County, IA on August 20, 1989. Includes a record review document with votes, correspondence relevant to the bird sighting and review, four photographs, and three documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Fuller, James L	Royal Tern	Pool 18	Sandbar in Pool #18 - Mississippi River	Mississippi River	The documentation form by Jim Fuller is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Peter C. Petersen as well as Cal Knight and Bernie Knight were submitted later. Other observers include Clint Van Fossen, Sue Clevenstine, Chuck Fuller, Eugene Armstrong, and Eloise Armstrong. \| Elimination of similar species: Larger than Common or Forster's Tern (2 Fortser's were also standing in area) differed from Caspian in slightly smaller size, orange and slimmer bill, white forehead, and light underwing primaries. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 19:15:00/19:30:00 on August 20, 1989 and 18:33:00/19:15:00 on August 27, 1989.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	14
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Mountain Bluebird northeast of Mason City in 1980	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Rare birds	1980-03-16	1993-08-16	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for a Mountain Bluebird northeast of Mason City in Cerro Gordo County, IA on March 16, 1980. Includes a record review document with votes, a photocopy of a photograph, and the original sighting record in a letter from Curt Nelson to Thomas Kent.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Mountain Bluebird	Mason City				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	5
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Curve-billed Thrasher near Honey Creek State Park at Rathbun Reservoir, 1981	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1981-01-31	1993-08-16	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Curve-billed Thrasher near Honey Creek State Park at Rathbun Reservoir in Appanoose County, IA on January 31, 1981. Includes a record review document with votes, two articles in Iowa Bird Life, a draft of an Iowa Bird Life article, a photocopy of a photograph, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Curve-billed Thrasher	Honey Creek State Park	Rathbun Lake, Appanoose Co IA	General: wooded brushy creek valley at edge of small open residential area Specific: Lake Shore Height near Honey Creek Stale Park, Rathbun Reservoir	The documentation form by Thomas Kent forms the basis of this record. Another documentation forms by Michael Newlon was submitted. Other observers include Bill Heusinkveld, Fred Drum, Ginny Drum, Charlotte Scott, and Thomas Shires. \| Elimination of similar species: All of brown Thrashers, Sage Thrasher by size, markings and bill, Bendine's Thrasher by color, bill and eye color. Also wing bars and tips on tail \| The original documentation form event lasted from 13:45:00/14:15:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Black-headed Grosbeak at Cedar Rapids, 1978	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1978-12-01	1993-08-19	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Black-headed Grosbeak at Cedar Rapids in Linn County, IA on December 1, 1978. Includes a record review document with votes, a photograph, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Millikin, Sara L.	Black-headed Grosbeak	Cedar Rapids	Usually on the ground where I had thrown seed	along railway right of way near my home and on ground near house and feeders	The documentation form by Sara L. Millikin is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Pete Wickham, Lillian Serbousek, Roberta Appedahl, Fred Nissen, Weir Nelson, Karl Goellner, and Lucile Liljedahl. \| The original documentation form event lasted from at daylight to 16:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	3
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Hoary Redpoll at Marion, 1981	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Correspondence Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1978-01-22	1993-08-26	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Hoary Redpoll at Marion in Linn County, IA on January 22, 1978. Includes a record review document with votes, three articles in Iowa Bird Life, a photograph, a letter of Vernon Kleen to Nicholas Halmi, and three documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Thompson, Fred K.	Hoary Redpoll	Marion	2830 McGowan Blvd., Marion, Iowa	My back yard at thistle feeder, near city park with flocks of common redpolls. 1/4 miles from large weedy field and farmland	The documentation form by Fred Thompson is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Tom Shires and Nicholas Halmi were submitted later. \| Elimination of similar species: Cardelis flammea - common redpoll - by color and beak size. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 07:00:00/10:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	16
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Carolina Chickadee in Keokuk in 1888	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Correspondence Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Rare birds Zoological specimens	1907-03-01	1993-08-26	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for a Carolina Chickadee in Keokuk in Lee County, IA on May 4, 1888. Includes a record review document with votes, a letter about the specimens, notes and details about the specimens, photographs of the specimens, the original sighting record found in the publication the Birds of Iowa by Rudolph Martin Anderson seen by George H. Berry, and referenced by two other publications.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Carolina Chickadee	Keokuk				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	12	48
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for an Ibis species at Swan Lake in 1954	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Behavior Birds--Identification Ciconiiformes \| Herons, Bitterns, Egrets, Ibises, and Storks Threskiornithidae \| Ibises Rare birds Zoological specimens	1954-04-10	1993-08-26	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for an Ibis species at Swan Lake in Johnson County, IA on August 10, 1954. Includes a record review document with votes and the original sighting record found in the publication Glossy Ibis at Swan Lake in Iowa Bird life 24:80 written by Alfred W. Meyer with a photograph by Frederick W. Kent, seen by Alfred W. Meyer. Specimen collected by Walter C. Thietje.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee		Swan Lake				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	7	21
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Black-necked Stilt at Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge, 1984	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1984-06-02	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of two Black-necked Stilts at Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge in Kossuth County, IA on June 2, 1984. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, a photocopy of a photo, an article of Iowa Bird Life, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Myers, Robert K.	Black-necked Stilt	Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge	Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge - Kossuth County, Iowa	General: Large cattail marsh. Specific: Shallow muddy pool on north edge of Refuge.	The documentation form by Robert Myers forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Francis L. Moore was submitted. Other observers include Russell Hays and several unidentified observers. \| Elimination of similar species: Nothing really is similar. American Avocet has upturned bill and shows much white in wings. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 07:58:00/08:00:00 and 08:30:00/08:45:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	20
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Brown Pelican at Montpelier, 1969	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Photography of birds Rare birds	1969-05-10	1993-09-07	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for a Brown Pelican at Montpelier in Muscatine County, IA on May 10, 1969. Includes a record review document with votes and the original sighting record found in the publication Brown Pelican in Muscatine County in Iowa Bird Life 42:51 by Peter C. Petersen photographed by Elmer Deters.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Brown Pelican	Montpelier				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	7	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for King Eider at Keokuk in 1894	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Rare birds Hunting Zoological specimens	1925-01-01	1993-09-07	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for a King Eider at Keokuk in Keokuk County on November 10, 1894. Includes a record review document with votes, photographs of the specimen, the original sighting record found in the publication Two records from Keokuk Iowa in Iowa Ornithologist 1:52 by William E. Praeger, and referenced by seven other publications.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	King Eider	Keokuk				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	17
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Mute Swan at South Clay County, 1985	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Correspondence Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1985-04-08	1994-01-28	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a a Mute Swan at South Clay County, IA on April 8, 1985. Includes a record review document with votes, a page of copied photos, an article in Iowa Bird Life, internal correspondence, summary of review, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Brewer, Marion M.	Mute Swan	Clay County	5 East of 71 on 374	Large farm pond, rolling hills most of which were in cultavation [sic]	The documentation form by Marion M. Brewer is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Vernon Beirman. \| Elimination of similar species: Was from the mute swan because of the straight neck and the Tundra swan because of the dark base of the bill. The wings were not held high like on the Mute swan. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:15:00/14:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Tufted Duck at Sweet Marsh, 1980	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1980-06-30	1994-01-28	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Tufted Duck at Sweet Marsh in Bremer County, IA on June 30, 1980. Includes a record review document with votes, two photos, correspondence about the sighting, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Myers, Robert K.	Tufted Duck	Sweet Marsh	Sweet Marsh (Tom Stone, Jr. & I first found bird)	marshy area near cattails	The documentation form by Robert K. Myers is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Francis L. Moore were submitted . Other observers include Russell Hays, Tom Stone, and Tom Stone, Jr. \| Elimination of similar species: May be a ring-neck female or scaup but doesn't look right- probably a hybrid. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 19:45:00/20:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	16
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Black Vulture at Perry in 1933	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Photography of birds Rare birds Zoological specimens Taxidermy	1933-12-01	1994-02-03	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for a Black Vulture at Perry in Dallas County, IA on September 17, 1933. Includes a record review document with votes, the original sighting record found in the publication The Black Vulture in Dallas County Iowa by H.R. Dill , and a photograph of the specimen by Thomas Kent.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	American black vulture	Perry				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	2
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Trumpeter Swan at Sac County before 1917	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Rare birds Zoological specimens	1917-09-01	1994-02-03	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for a Trumpeter Swan at Sac County, IA before 1917. Includes a record review document with votes, photographs of the specimen, the original sighting record found in the publication Annotated list of the water birds, game birds and birds of prey of Sac County Iowa in Wilson Bull 29:141-160 by J.A. Spurrell seen by H.B. Smith, and referenced by another publication.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Trumpeter Swan	Sac County				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	12
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for American Swallow-tailed Kite at Woodbury County in 1883	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Rare birds Zoological specimens Taxidermy	1933-01-01	1994-02-03	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for two American Swallow-tailed Kites at Woodbury County, IA on April 8, 1883. Includes a record review document with votes, two photographs of the specimen, the original sighting record found in the publication Revised List of Birds of Iowa by Philip A. DuMont seen by D.H. Talbot and J.F. Baker.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Swallow-tailed Kite	Woodbury County				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	24
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for American Swallow-tailed Kite at Cedar Rapids in 1903	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Food Birds--Identification Rare birds Birds--Collection and preservation Zoological specimens	1918-01-01	1994-02-03	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for an American Swallow-tailed Kite at Cedar Rapids in Linn County, IA on September 20, 1903. Includes a record review document with votes, a photograph, the original sighting record found in the publication The Raptorial Birds of Iowa in Geological Survey Bull in B.H. Bailey, and referenced by another publication.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Swallow-tailed Kite	Cedar Rapids				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	24
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for American Swallow-tailed Kite at Ida County before 1917	Administrative records Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Rare birds Zoological specimens	1917-09-01	1994-02-03	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for an American Swallow-tailed Kite at Ida County, IA before 1917. Includes a record review document with votes, a photograph of the specimen, the original sighting record found in the publication Annotated list of the water birds, game birds and birds of prey of Sac Count Iowa in Wilson 29:141-160 by J.A. Spurrell, and referenced by another publication.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Swallow-tailed Kite	Ida County				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	24
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Rosy Finch at Oelwein, 1978	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1978-03-12	1994-02-04	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Rosy Finch at Oelwein in Fayette County, IA on March 12, 1978. Includes a record review document with votes, a photograph, an article in Iowa Bird Life, an article in Des Moines Register, a letter from Richard Wilkinson to Thomas H. Kent, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Stone, Tom	Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch	Oelwein	Oelwein, IOWA	Feeds on feeder. Come to a Rocky Ravine like spot by house.	The documentation form by Tom Stone is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Nicholas Halmi was submitted later. Other observers include Russel Hays, Frank Moore, Joe Schaufenbuel, Tom Kent, Tom Shires, Peter Petersen, Bernie Knight, Robert Myers, and eight more birders from Cedar Rapids-Marion. \| Elimination of similar species: This bird doesn't have any black on back or breast like the Black Rosy Finch. This bird had gray on head to distuinguish [sic] it. From the Brown capped Rosy Finch. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 12:28:00/12:40:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	12
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Purple Gallinule at Cone Marsh Wildlife Management Area in 1964	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Behavior Birds--Identification Photography of birds Rare birds	1964-09-01	1994-02-04	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for a Purple Gallinule at Cone Marsh Wildlife Management Area in Louisa County, IA on May 7, 1964. Includes a record review document with votes, the original sighting record found in the publication A Purple Gallinule in Iowa in Iowa Bird Life 34:50-51 by F.W. Kent, and a photograph of the sighting.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Purple Gallinule	Cone Marsh Wildlife Management Area				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	14
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Purple Gallinule at Ames in 1978	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Birds--Identification Rare birds Wildlife rescue Zoological specimens	1979-09-01	1994-02-04	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for a Purple Gallinule at Ames in Story County, IA on May 22, 1978. Includes a record review document with votes, the original sighting record found in the publication Purple Gallinule in Ames in Iowa Bird Life 49:87-88 by James Dinsmore and D.L. Graham seen by Lorna Volmer, a reference to the sighting in another publication, and two photographs of the specimen.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Purple Gallinule	Ames				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	14