Documents • Iowa State University • Avian Archives of Iowa Online

Title	Genres	Topics	Date (Start)	Date (End)	Type	Description	Creator/Author	Birds	Locations	Locality	Habitat	Remarks

Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Bullock's Oriole at Clemons, 1993	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1993-05-12	2000-11-20	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Bullock's Oriole at Clemons in Marshall County, IA on May 12, 1993. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Humpal, Holly	Bullock's Oriole	Clemons	403 Market ave - Clemons Iowa	Tall Elm - Oak and black walnut trees behind my house. House on edge of town very rural - corn fields on 2 sides of house & a lot of trees behind house.	The documentation form by Holly Humpal is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: Baltimore Oriole - Has all Black Head - a Little orange on top part of wing and very small white wing bar and tail pattern has more black at top to sides and wider band. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 12:00:00/15:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for House Finch at Liscomb, 1983	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1983-04-15	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a House Finch at Liscomb in Hardin County, IA on April 15, 1983. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Proescholdt, Beth	House Finch	Liscomb	our feeders at Liscomb	open yard, locust tree (& many others), large shrubs	The documentation form by Beth Proescholdt is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Phyllis Harris and Ramona Sommerlot. \| Elimination of similar species: Purple finch - it was reddish, orange, not raspberry colored - it had streaked flanks & belly - & it had brown back with no red coloration. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:00:00/11:15:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	15
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for House Finch at Mason City, 1982	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1982-09-01	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a House Finch at Mason City in Cerro Gordo County, IA on September 1982. Includes a record review document with votes, summary of the review, a letter from Mildred Moore to Ross Silcock, and another letter from Mildred Moore to Ross Silcock forwarded to Tom Kent.	Moore, Mildred L.	House Finch	Mason City	1225 N. Jefferson Ave., Mason City, Iowa		A letter from Mildred Moore to Ross Silcock forms the basis of this record.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	15
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for House Finch at Ottumwa, 1982	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1982-06-26	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a House Finch at Ottumwa in Wapello County, IA on June 26, 1982. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, a field report, a letter from Don Johnson to Tom Kent, and a draft of the field report.	Johnson, Donald G.	House Finch	Ottumwa	Ottumwa, Iowa		The field report by Don Johnson forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Elaine Johnson. \| Elimination of similar species: Purple Finch. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 17:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	15
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for House Finch at Perry, 1982	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1982-07-27	1996-04-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a House Finch at Perry in Dallas County, IA on July 27, 1982. Includes a record review document with votes and seven documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Armstrong, Eugene	House Finch	Perry	Perry, Iowa	urban dwelling, niger feeder	The documentation form by Eugene Armstrong is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Thomas H. Kent, W. Ross Silcock, Raymond Cummins, Peter C. Petersen, Francis L. Moore, and Joe Schaufenbuel were submitted later. Other observers include Mary Lou Petersen, Larry Linder, Wallace Jardine, Eloise Armstrong, Dick Mooney, and Paley Mooney. \| Elimination of similar species: purple finch - smaller bodied, less coloring; house sparrow - no pinkish coloring. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 09:00:00/10:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	15
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for House Finch at Pocahontas, 1982	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1982-06-03	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a House Finch at Pocahontas in Pocahontas County, IA on June 3, 1982. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Jardine, Wallace E.	House Finch	Pocahontas	Pocahontas, IA Rt 2 Box 9 50574	Backyard. Trees, shrubs, bird baths, feeders, etc.	The documentation form by Wallace Jardine is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Betty Jardine. \| Elimination of similar species: Purple Finch. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 16:30:00/16:40:00 and 18:00:00/18:45:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	15
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Purple Finch at Iowa City, 1990	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1990-07-10	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Purple Finch at Iowa City in Johnson County, IA on July 10, 1990. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Spieker, Susan J.	Purple Finch	Iowa City	830 Hudson, Iowa City, Iowa	Back yard, with fruit trees, walnut trees, shrubs and bushes and garden.	The documentation form by Sue Spieker is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: Female House Finch has more overall brown coloring and the streaks on breast and belly are wider and bolder. Also House Finch does not have the light area, eyebrow stripe, above and below eye. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 15:05:00/15:15:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	14
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Pine Grosbeak at Holstein, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-11-05	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Pine Grosbeak at Holstein in Ida County, IA on November 5, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and a letter from Curtis Rector to Tom Kent with Pete Ernzen and James Dinsmore copied.	Rector, Curtis L.	Pine Grosbeak	Holstein	near Somerset Apartments in Holstein, Iowa		A letter from Curtis L. Rector to Tom Kent forms the basis of this record. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:15:00/14:16:00 on November 5, 1997, and 14:10:00/14:15:00, 15:45:00, and 16:15:00/16:25:00 on November 6, 1997 .	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	13
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Pine Grosbeak at Saylorville Lake, 1996	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1996-12-22	2000-11-22	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Pine Grosbeak at Saylorville Lake in Polk County, IA on December 22, 1996. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Oesterreich, Wolfgang	Pine Grosbeak	Saylorville Lake	woods at end of NW 100th St @ Big Creek Lake T81N R25W NE 1/4 sec. 21	She was perched at the top of a deciduous tree (locust?) in a small wooded area, dominated by deciduous trees. Some conifers were present. Kevin stated that when he first saw the bird it flew like a woodpecker (undulating) and landed in the tree.	The documentation form by Wolfgang Oesterrichis the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Kevin Healy. \| Elimination of similar species: Coloration and size eliminated the other finches. Too large and wrong coloration for Goldfinches. Coloration, bill shape, size not like crossbills. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 07:50:00/07:55:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	13
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Pine Grosbeak at Spencer, 1995	Administrative records Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1995-02-27	2000-11-20	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Pine Grosbeaks at Spencer in Clay County, IA on February 27, 1995. Includes a record review document with votes, a photo, and three documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Schoenewe, Lee A.	Pine Grosbeak	Spencer	Riverside cemetary & residence at Prospect Dr., Spencer	Pine trees & Ash trees in suburban neighborhood & cemetary	The documentation form by Lee A. Schoenewe is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Jim Fuller and Thomas H. Kent were submitted later. Other observers include Doug Harr and Dick Tetrault. \| Elimination of similar species: White-winged Crossbill: bill shape, size & long tail. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 07:40:00 and 16:45:00/17:05:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	13
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Rosy Finch at Oelwein, 1978	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1978-03-12	1994-02-04	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Rosy Finch at Oelwein in Fayette County, IA on March 12, 1978. Includes a record review document with votes, a photograph, an article in Iowa Bird Life, an article in Des Moines Register, a letter from Richard Wilkinson to Thomas H. Kent, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Stone, Tom	Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch	Oelwein	Oelwein, IOWA	Feeds on feeder. Come to a Rocky Ravine like spot by house.	The documentation form by Tom Stone is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Nicholas Halmi was submitted later. Other observers include Russel Hays, Frank Moore, Joe Schaufenbuel, Tom Kent, Tom Shires, Peter Petersen, Bernie Knight, Robert Myers, and eight more birders from Cedar Rapids-Marion. \| Elimination of similar species: This bird doesn't have any black on back or breast like the Black Rosy Finch. This bird had gray on head to distuinguish [sic] it. From the Brown capped Rosy Finch. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 12:28:00/12:40:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	12
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Bullock's Oriole at Elk Horn, 1999	Administrative records Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1999-12-17	2000-11-28	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Bullock's Oriole at Elk Horn in Shelby County, IA on December 17, 1999. Includes a record review document with votes, a photograph, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Fuller, James L	Bullock's Oriole	Elk Horn	Yard of Randy and Rhea Leete, Elk Horn, Iowa (Shelby County)		The documentation form by Jim Fuller is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Thomas H. Kent was submitted later. Other observers include Karole Fuller, Mike Overton, Dixie Overton, and Dick Tetrault. \| Elimination of similar species: This is the only orange oriole that exhibits a large white wing patch, and a dark eye line on an otherwise orange face. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:20:00/10:45:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Bullock's Oriole at Maysville, 1987	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1987-11-21	2000-11-20	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Bullock's Oriole at Maysville in Scott County, IA on November 21, 1987. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Petersen, Peter C.	Bullock's Oriole	Maysville	1/2 mi. W. Maysville, Scott Co., IA	small apple orchard	The documentation form by Peter Petersen is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Mary Lou Petersen, Bill Erps, and Everett Howard. \| Elimination of similar species: Baltimore race has some orange or yellow on all underparts, darker back. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 15:40:00/15:50:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Great-tailed Grackle at Glenwood, 1983	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1983-05-19	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Great-tailed Grackles at Glenwood in Mills County, IA on May 19, 1983. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Bray, Tanya	Great-tailed Grackle	Glenwood	Flooded field at approx. Mile marker 37 on the northbound Interstate 29; three miles north of the Glenwood (highway 34) exit.		The documentation form by Tanya Bray is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Babs Padelford was submitted later. Another observer was Sandy Kovanda. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 15:15:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	9
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Bullock's Oriole at Johnston, 1992	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1992-12-19	2000-11-20	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Bullock's Oriole at Johnston in Polk County, IA on December 19, 1992. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form (two copies) submitted to the committee.	Thompson, Dennis	Bullock's Oriole	Johnston	7503 Wildflower Ct. Johnston, Ia. (My backyard)	Feeder set-up (7 feeders, no fruit) at the edge of a wooded ravine less than a mile from the Des Moines River just south of Saylorville Dam	The documentation form by Dennis Thompson is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Cecile Thompson. \| Elimination of similar species: Evening Grosbeak by the bill & color pattern. White in the wing too extensive for young Orchard Oriole. Also seemed bigger than an Orchard Oriole. Bright yellow underparts & streaked back rule out several other orioles. Immature Scott's are described as 'gray-green' below. \| The original documentation form event occurred around mid-afternoon.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Bullock's Oriole at Cedar Falls, 1981	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1981-12-20	2000-11-20	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Bullock's Oriole at Cedar Falls in Black Hawk County, IA on December 20, 1981. Includes a record review document with votes, photographs, e-mail correspondence between Jon Dunn, Jim Fuller, James Rising, David Sibley, and Paul Lehman, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Myers, Robert K.	Bullock's Oriole	Cedar Falls	Cedar Falls, Iowa - Black Hawk County	coming to feeder in residential area	The documentation form by Robert K. Myers is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers includes Don Irwin and Paulina Irwin. \| Elimination of similar species: The 'Baltimore' subspecies has the yellow-orange on breast going down the breast thru belly and has a more yellowish back. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 15:00:00/15:15:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Bullock's Oriole at Lake Red Rock, 1995	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1995-09-03	2000-11-20	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Bullock's Oriole at Lake Red Rock in Marion County, IA on September 3, 1995. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Dinsmore, Stephen J.	Bullock's Oriole	Lake Red Rock	Red Rock Res., Marion Co.	forest along lake	The documentation form by Stephen J. Dinsmore is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer include Jim Sinclair. \| Elimination of similar species: See above. Baltimore Oriole has a solid black hood and dark wings. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 08:35:00/08:36:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Baltimore Oriole at Iowa City, 1987	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1987-12-19	1993-09-07	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Baltimore Oriole at Iowa City in Johnson County, IA on December 19, 1987. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Staudt, Thomas J.	Baltimore Oriole	Iowa City	feeder rural wooded area north of Iowa City		The documentation form by Thomas J. Staudt is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Jodi Griffith and Clara Schoderbeh. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 11:25:00/11:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	10
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Northern Oriole at Davenport, 1987	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1987-12-13	1993-09-07	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Baltimore Oriole at Davenport in Scott County, IA on December 13, 1987. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Petersen, Peter C.	Baltimore Oriole	Davenport	1019 W. Rusholm St. Davenport, IA	backyard feeder in spruce tree	The documentation form by Peter C. Petersen is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Edith Kadlec. \| Elimination of similar species: about 2 1/2" longer than nearby House Sparrows. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 07:55:00/08:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	10
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Great-tailed Grackle at Ames, 1987	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1987-12-19	1993-09-07	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Great-tailed Grackle at Ames in Story County, IA on December 19, 1987. Includes a record review document with votes and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Niyo, Kayleen	Great-tailed Grackle	Ames	Max Bailey Farm on Dayton Rd. N.E. of Ames	Spruce Windbreak	The documentation form by Kay Niyo is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by John Richard was submitted later. Another observer was Judy Shearer. \| Elimination of similar species: Common grackle - this bird was much larger with a much longer tail. Common crow - this bird was not quite as large, had a much longer tail than a crow, bill was long & grackle shaped, not as a crow, & body stance was like a grackle not a crow. Ani - bill and body shape & carriage was grackle-like. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 16:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	9
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Great-tailed Grackle at Mills County, 1984	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1984-12-22	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Great-tailed Grackle in Mills County, IA on December 22, 1984. Includes a record review document with votes and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Padelford, Loren	Great-tailed Grackle	Mills County	2.8 miles south of the intersection of Iowa 370 and U.S. 275. Mills Co., Iowa.	Deciduous trees near farmstead.	The documentation form by Loren J. Padelford is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Ross Silcock was submitted later. Another observer was Jerry Toll. \| Elimination of similar species: The only other species similar in appearances the boat-tailed grackle. I was not close enough to observe eye color but the length of the tail in relation to body length rules out that species. The great-tailed grackle has been expanding its range into southern Iowa and Nebraska in recent years with documented nesting success in both states. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 08:00:00/08:00:30.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	9
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Great-tailed Grackle at IPL Ponds, 1984	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1984-06-21	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Great-tailed Grackle at IPL Ponds in Pottawattamie County, IA on June 21, 1984. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Moore, Francis L.	Great-tailed Grackle	MidAmerican Energy Ponds	Iowa Power & Light Cooling Ponds, just South of Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie Co., Ia.	Open water ponds, small areas of cattails near edge.	The documentation form by Francis L. Moore is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Ross Silcock. \| Elimination of similar species: Female Common Grackle is not as brown as the female Great-tailed that was seen Flat-headed male separates it from Boat-tailed. No other female blackbird has this brown a coloration. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 15:35:00/15:45:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	9
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Great-tailed Grackle at Finn Pond, 1984	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1984-05-17	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Great-tailed Grackles at Finn Pond in Greene County, IA on May 17, 1984. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Brown, Mike	Great-tailed Grackle	Finn Pond Wildlife Area	Finn Pond; 1 1/2 mi west of Jefferson, Greene Co., IA T83N R31W Sec 2	Prairie Marsh; River Bulrush Dominate	The documentation form by Mike Brown is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Jim Dinsmore was submitted later. \| Elimination of similar species: Common Grackle - too small, tail shape & feather coloration. Boat-tailed Grackle - range. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 05:30:00/07:00:00 and around 16:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	9
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Great-tailed Grackle at Riverton Area, 1984	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1984-05-15	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Great-tailed Grackle at Riverton Area in Fremont County, IA on May 15, 1984. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Great-tailed Grackle	Riverton Wildlife Management Area	Riverton A, near headquarters, Fremont Co., IA	open area with a few trees near water area	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Ross Silcock. \| Elimination of similar species: The large size, long tail and voice convince me it was not a Common Grackle. Unfortunately, we were not able to study the bird for more than a minute. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 06:30:00/06:32:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	9
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Great-tailed Grackle at Riverton Area, 1983	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1983-07-01	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for three to four Great-tailed Grackles at Riverton Area in Fremont County, IA on July 1, 1983. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and five documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Silcock, W. Ross	Great-tailed Grackle	Riverton Wildlife Management Area	Riverton GMA		The documentation form by Ross Silcock is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Francis L. Moore, Barbara L. Wilson, Peter Petersen, and Mike Newlon were submitted later. Other observers include Tayce Pederson, Homer Pederson, Jean Pederson, Mary Lou Petersen, Corey Blevins, Joe Schaufenbuel, Steve Dinsmore, Gordon Jones, Carl Bendorf, and Thomas Staudt. \| Elimination of similar species: During most sightings, chucking sounds typical of grackles were heard, but on the initial sighting, squealing sounds apparently characteristic of this species were heard.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	9