Documents • Iowa State University • Avian Archives of Iowa Online

Title	Genres	Topics	Date (Start)	Date (End)	Type	Description	Creator/Author	Birds	Locations	Locality	Habitat	Remarks

The Secretary's Report of the Fairfield Bird Club of Fairfield, Iowa, 1933-1943	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Printed ephemera	Ornithology--Societies, etc Meetings	1933-03-02	1943-03-31	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Handwritten minutes for the Fairfield Bird Club from its founding at the Fairfield Public Library on March 2, 1933, through March 1943. The minutes were recorded by the person who held the office of secretary for the club for that year and provide an overview of what happened when the club met, including the locations of the meetings, guests who attended the meetings and subjects of the programs presented. Also includes programs as well as signatures and addresses of attendees of the annual Iowa Ornithologists' Union meetings that were held in Fairfield in 1933 and 1936. Also of note are several newspaper clippings highlighting the activities of the club.	Fairfield Bird Club Calvert, Grace A. Lawson, Lulu Faye Junkin, Paul Sheridan Gilly, Charles McCleary, Ila May Glotfelty Walker, Ruth Wilson, Flora		Fairfield				Fairfield (Iowa) Bird Club Records \| MS 386	1	4
The Ottumwa Bird Club	Administrative records	Bird watchers Bird watching Birds--Nests Ornithology--Societies, etc Women conservationists	1944-01-01	1944-12-31	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Report on the first year of the Ottumwa Bird Club, including a history of it's founding, summaries of the group's activities, and a list of birds reported by members that year.	Ottumwa Bird Club	Bald Eagle American White Pelican Gray Catbird Northern Mockingbird Kentucky Warbler Mourning Dove Cliff Swallow	Lake Wapello Ottumwa Cliffland River Access				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	6	16
The Iowa Ornithologists' Union meeting notes, April 9, 1923	Administrative records	Ornithology--Methodology Ornithology--Societies, etc Meetings	1923-04-09	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Notes from the Iowa Ornithologists' Union meeting held on April 9, 1923. The notes document the decision to name the organization the 'Iowa Ornithologists' Union and outlines the purpose of the organization.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Bailey, Mary L.		Ames				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	4	15
Suggestions for state bird list	Administrative records	Birds--Research Ornithology--Methodology	1952-04-21	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	A list of different factors to use in determining if a bird species should be added to the state bird list, April 21, 1952. The list suggests the following three things: dividing the state into zones based on observation records, reporting birds based on migrant or permanent resident status, and reporting birds on the basis of relative abundance.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union		Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	1	3
Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Iowa Ornithologists' Union	Administrative records Articles of incorporation	Ornithology--Societies, etc Articles of incorporation	N/A	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Iowa Ornithologists' Union. Includes six restated articles of incorporation that reflect the nonprofit status of the Iowa Ornithologists' Union. James Dinsmore is noted as the Vice-President and Ann Barker is noted as the secretary of the organization.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union		Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	46	11
Resolution creating an Editorial Board for the Iowa Ornitholgical Union	Administrative records	Ornithology--Methodology Ornithology--Societies, etc	N/A	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Resolution for the creation of an Editorial Board for the Iowa Ornithological Union. The resolution covers the establishment of the board, membership and duties.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union		Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	4	15
Records Committee review rare bird sighting of Arctic Loon at Saylorville Reservoir, 1989	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1989-10-28	1996-04-25	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for an Arctic Loon at Saylorville Reservoir in Polk County, IA on October 28, 1989. Includes a record review document with votes, and a documentation form in the form of a letter from Ken Lowder to Thomas H. Kent with Geri Langham receiving a copy as well on September 16, 1994 submitted to the committee.	Lowder, Ken	Arctic Loon	Saylorville Dam	I saw the bird at the dam at Saylorville Lake		The documentation letter by Ken Lowder is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include John Daniel. \| Elimination of similar species: It acted differently from the Common Loons. When it dove, it "reared back" its head, as though it were "winding up" for the dive. The Common Loons did not do this. In the Walsh article, this behavior is discussed. On page 26 of his article, Walsh states that "both Pacific and Artic Loons have similar diving motions." I do not believe our bird was a Pacific Loon. I base this judgement on overall body size, bill size, and the distribution of white coloration in the head/neck, waterline, and flank areas. Our bird was essentially similar size-wise to the accompanying Common Loons. The bill was also similar to Common Loon. It was not upturned and this as I would have expected with Red-throated Loon.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	7	6
Records Committee review for rare bird sightings of Sage Thrasher at Cedar River Park in Waterloo, 1985	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1985-09-23	1993-09-03	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Sage Thrasher at Cedar River Park in Waterloo in Black Hawk County, IA on September 23, 1985. Includes one record review document with votes, an Iowa Bird Life article and cover page, and nine documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Moore, Francis L.	Sage Thrasher	Cedar River Park	East end of Cedar River Park, at The Boating Center, Waterloo, IA	Spends most of its time in a Hawthorne tree and near the building at The Boating Center	The documentation form by Francis L. Moore forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Robert K. Myers, Beth Proescholdt, Mark Proescholdt, Carl J. Bendorf, Steve Dinsmore, Jim Fuller, Thomas J. Staudt, and Thomas H. Kent were submitted later. Other observers include Russell Hays, Tom Stone, Jr., Tom Stone, Sr., Cal Knight, Bernie Knight, Hank Zaletel, John Hoogerheide, Eugene Armstrong, Eloise Armstrong, and many unidentified observers. \| Elimination of similar species: No other species is of this size and coloration to confuse with this species. \| The original documentation form sighting is from 17:25:00 to 18:05:00	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	10
Records Committee review for rare bird sightings for Clark's Nutcracker at Iowa in 1972-73	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Maps (documents)	Birds--Geographical distribution Birds--Identification Rare birds	1973-06-01	1994-02-04	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Records Committee review for thirty-three different sightings of Clark's Nutcrackers at different locations in Iowa from October 1972 to March 1973. Includes a record review document with votes and the original sighting record found in the publication Clark's Nutcracker sightings in Iowa, Winter 1972-73 in Iowa Bird Life 43:50-51 by Gladys Black.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Records Committee	Clark's Nutcracker	Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	12	44
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting on Red-throated Loon at Cedar Lake, 1984	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1984-04-03	1999-10-15	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Red-throated Loon at Cedar Lake, IA on April 3, 1984. Includes a record review document, two articles in American Birds, an article in Iowa Bird Life, a summary of the review of the committee, and six documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Staudt, Thomas J.	Red-throated Loon	Cedar Lake	Cedar Lake, Cedar Rapids, IA		The documentation form by Thomas J. Staudt is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Carl J. Bendorf, Robert K. Myers, Francis L. Moore, Thomas H. Kent, and Peter C. Petersen were submitted later. Other observers include Jim Fuller and Jim Sandrock. \| Elimination of similar species: Horned grebes in winter plumage were present, they are about 1/2 the size of this loon, have a much shorter straight bill and the head shape is flatter. Common loon is much larger with a correspondingly large straight black bill, head held straight. Arctic loon in winter plumage would have less white in the facial area, a straight dark bill, less contrast from the facial area to cup/nape. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 06:15:00/06:45:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	7	5
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Yellow-billed Loon at Little Wall Lake, 1999	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1999-12-02	2000-11-28	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Yellow-billed Loon at Little Wall Lake in Hamilton County, IA on December 2, 1999. Includes a record review document with votes, a print of four photos, and six documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Yellow-billed Loon	Little Wall Lake	Little Wall Lake, Hamilton Co., IA	Natural lake in glaciated area. All open water.	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Jim Fuller, Chris Edwards, Jim Dinsmore, Stephen J. Dinsmore, and Mark Proescholdt were submitted later. Other observers include Kevin Healy, Dick Tetrault, Reid Allen, Pam Allen, Eloise Armstrong, Eugene Armstrong, Beth Proescholdt, Kay Niyo, Eric Haley, and Hank Zaletel. \| Elimination of similar species: The size and thick bill exclude Red-throated and Pacific Loons. The features that favor Yellow-billed over Common Loon include the bill shape, dark line to mid culmen, small eye, auricular patch, and the pattern of the foreneck and face (little extension of white and mottled color). The back pattern (wavy white lines rather than fuzzy white lines with dark bars) and paleness of the auricular patch indicate a juvenile. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 07:45:00/09:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	7	8
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Yellow-billed Loon at Clear Lake, 1999	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1999-04-18	2000-11-28	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Yellow-billed Loon at Clear Lake in Cerro Gordo County, IA on April 18, 1999. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Walter, Janice L.	Yellow-billed Loon	Clear Lake	North side of Clear Lake, Clear Lake, Iowa	Large open lake, no reeds or rushes in this area	The documentation form by Jan L. Walter is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Curt Nelson, and Carolyn Fischer. \| Elimination of similar species: Color, plumage, and bill shape eliminated Cormorants. Size eliminated Red-throated and Pacific Loons. Basic and immature plumage. Common Loon eliminated by straight, yellow aulmen, very pale tannish face, brown auricular patch, overall pale appearance of head and neck, and brown, not black, body. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 18:00:00/18:40:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	7	8
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Yellow Rail at Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge, 1982	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1982-07-13	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Yellow Rail at Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge in Kossuth County, IA on July 13, 1982. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, and two versions (typed and handwritten) of a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Thompson, Carol A.	Yellow Rail	Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge	Union Slough	Marsh	The documentation form by Carol Thompson is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. A typed version of the other documentation form was compiled by Thomas H. Kent. \| Elimination of similar species: Immature Sora - I would not expect the Sora to be as small or as yellow. The bill should have been more yellow. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 10:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Yellow Rail at Sweet Marsh, 1980	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1980-05-11	1993-08-16	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Yellow Rail at Sweet Marsh in Bremer County, IA on May 11, 1980. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Myers, Robert K.	Yellow Rail	Sweet Marsh	East side of Sweet Marsh - Bremer Co. Iowa	The bird flushed in exactly the same place as one did May 26, 1979 for Francis Moore and me. The area has short grass (less than a foot high) and the water under the grass is about 4" or 5" deep. Francis flushed the bird again May 18, 1980.	The documentation form by Robert K. Myers is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Francis Moore. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 09:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Yellow Rail at Sweet Marsh, 1980	Administrative records Field notes Maps (documents)	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1980-05-18	1993-08-16	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Yellow Rail at Sweet Marsh in Bremer County, IA on May 18, 1980. Includes a record review document with votes, a map of the sighting area, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Moore, Francis L.	Yellow Rail	Sweet Marsh	Bird was located on East side of Sweet Marsh, which is outside of Tripoli to the East. Observation was on a dike that comes off of and South of parking lot on second road going to the marsh as you proceed North from the Southern part of the Marsh. See map for location, at asterisk.	Habitat bird was found in was a grassy area about 2' to 2 1/2' tall about 2' from dike and extending approximately 50' from dike. All around this particular area was large concentrations of cattails and sedges. Water was approximately 2" to 4" deep in area of sighting with deeper water on 3 sides of the area and the dike on the fourth side.	The documentation form by Francis L. Moore is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Robert Myers and Joe Schaufenbuel. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 08:15:00/08:15:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Yellow Rail at Coralville Reservoir, 1980	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1980-04-28	1993-08-16	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Yellow Rail near Coralville Reservoir in Johnson County, IA on April 28, 1980. Includes a record review document with votes and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Glasson, Marilyn Smith	Yellow Rail	Coralville Lake	Marshy area about 1/2 mi. NE Swan Lake. Not Swan Lake Road S of Pine Stool	General: marsh Specific: noted no plant species - First flushed from drier grassy area (I didn't see) 2nd time flushed from water edge to dry grass area	The documentation form by Marilyn Smith Glasson is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Thomas Staudt was submitted later. \| Elimination of similar species: The sora is the only other bird that is similar. It has no white on its wings. I've never noticed back striping to be so evident. \| The original documentation form event lasted from approximately 06:30:00/08:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Yellow Rail at Big Marsh Wildlife Area, 1980	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1980-09-21	1993-08-16	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Yellow Rail at Big Marsh Wildlife Area in Butler County, IA on September 21, 1980. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Hansen, James L.	Yellow Rail	Big Marsh Wildlife Area	Big Marsh Wildlife Area, 6 mi. N of Parkersburg, Butler County, Iowa	General: flooded moist soil plants, primarily grasses and smartweed Specific: I don't know; the bird was in a box in a car when I first saw it.	The documentation form by James L. Hansen is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Carl Priebe. \| Elimination of similar species: None. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 08:30:00/10:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Wood Stork at Washta, 1985	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1985-10-11	1994-10-18	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Wood Stork near Washta in Cherokee County, IA on October 11, 1985. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Brewer, Marion M.	Wood Stork	Washta	4 miles S of Washta	River bottom	The documentation form by Marion M. Brewer is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: snow goose. black secondarys [sic] \| The original documentation form event occurred in the mid afternoon.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	1
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Wilson's Phalarope at Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge, 1996	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1996-10-20	2000-11-22	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Wilson's Phalarope at Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge in Kossuth County, IA on October 20, 1996. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Kenne, Matthew C.	Wilson's Phalarope	Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge	USNWR Kossuth Co. South of County Rd. B14	marsh with low water level, muddy cattail flats	The documentation form by Matthew Kenne is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: [...] Approx. the same size as adjacent L. Yellowlegs, [...] It had a pale gray line from the eye backward; joining with the hind neck, a "phalarope mark" but not nearly as dark as on a Red-necked (or Red). The legs were almost as yellow as the yellowlegs'. The bill was black, very thin (needle-like) and longer than on a Red-necked (or Red). It was pot-bellied and small headed compared to yellowlegs. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 11:10:00/11:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	10	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Wilson's Phalarope at Cone Marsh, 1983	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1983-03-13	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Wilson's Phalarope at Cone Marsh in Louisa County, IA on March 13, 1983. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Wilson's Phalarope	Cone Marsh Wildlife Management Area	Cone M., Louisa Co., Iowa.	Marsh with mud flats.	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Tom Staudt. \| Elimination of similar species: Other phalaropes and most charadris have wing stripe. Bill too short and thin for yellowlegs or stilt sandpiper. Also, shape and markings do not fit other species. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 12:50:00/13:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	10	11
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Whooping Crane north of Essex, 1999	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1999-04-11	2000-11-28	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of three Whooping Cranes north of Essex in Page County, IA on April 11, 1999. Includes a record review document with votes, e-mail about the bird sighting, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Edwards, Chris	Whooping Crane	Essex	North of Essex in northwestern Page County Iowa	Flooded agricultural field	The documentation form by Chris Edwards is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Mary Edwards. \| Elimination of similar species: Sandhill Cranes are smaller, gray, and lack a moustachial stripe and black primaries. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 12:45:00/12:50:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	17
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Whooping Crane east of De Soto National Wildlife Refuge, 1999	Administrative records Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1999-04-09	2000-11-28	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of six Whooping Cranes east of De Soto National Wildlife Refuge in Harrison County, IA on April 9, 1999. Includes a record review document with votes, a photo, and four documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Dinsmore, James J.	Whooping Crane	DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge	1 mile east of DeSoto N.W.R., Harrison County	open corn stubble field	The documentation form by Jim Dinsmore is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Thomas H. Kent, Jim Fuller, and Chris Edwards were submitted later .Other observers include Dick Tetrault and Mary Edwards. \| Elimination of similar species: Sandhill Crane by color. Great Egret by black wing tips and bill was somewhat curved rather than dagger-like as in egret. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 16:35:00/17:05:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	17
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Whooping Crane east of Davenport, 1983	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1983-04-10	1993-09-01	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Whooping Crane east of Davenport in Scott County, IA on April 10, 1983. Includes a record review document with votes, a summary of the review, correspondence about bird sightings from Bruce Peterjohn to Tom Kent, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Lorenzen, Frederick J. Lorenzen, Ted	Whooping Crane	Davenport	just E. of Davenport John Deere Plant. N. of IPO and W of Jersey Ridge Road	small lake	The documentation form by Bruce Peterjohn is relaying a report by Fred and Ted Lorenzen is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: G. Egret - black wing tips, Am. White Pelican- long legs, Sandhill Crane - white plumage, Swan - long legs. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:45:00/10:50:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	17
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of White-winged Dove at Waukee, 1999	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1999-05-20	2000-11-28	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a White-winged Dove at Waukee in Dallas County, IA on May 20, 1999. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Schlaefer, Roger U.	White-winged Dove	Waukee	Waukee, Iowa 50263 - Songbird Park behind 1070 1st Pl.	Open grassy mowed park - several acres of tall grasses. Narrow wooded gully - beside tree lined pond - varied plated fruit trees and bushes. By Cottonwood tree & flowing stream.	The documentation form by Roger Schlaefer is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Marjorie Schlaefer. \| Elimination of similar species: Morning Dove: This one hoots more in sequence, deeper sound. White on wings and tail not like Local Doves. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 06:00:00/19:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	12	10
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of White-tailed Kite at Otter Creek Marsh, 1989	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Forms (documents) Maps (documents)	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1989-09-18	1996-04-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a White-tailed Kite at Otter Creek Marsh in Tama County, IA on September 18, 1989. Includes a record review document with votes, a request for reconsideration, map, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and a documentation form submitted to the committee. Within the original documentation, the bird is identified as a Black-shouldered Kite.	Petersen, Peter C.	White-tailed Kite	Otter Creek Marsh State Wildlife Refuge	S.E. corner Otter Creek marsh, near Chelsea, Ia.	rather dry marsh, some wooded margins	The documentation form by Peter C. Petersen is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Brian Blevins. \| Elimination of similar species: The only similar raptor would be an Osprey which is much larger, has a black mask, elbow with large black area, mottled gray underwing and on tail and dark on upper surface of wing. Gulls are closer, but wings with dark area at tips of wings on top side, shorter tail, different flight, not pursued by small birds. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 09:30:00/09:35:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	25