Documents • Iowa State University • Avian Archives of Iowa Online

Title	Genres	Topics	Date (Start)	Date (End)	Type	Description	Creator/Author	Birds	Locations	Locality	Habitat	Remarks

Rare bird documentation form for Smith's Longspur at Union Slough NWR, 1997	Field notes	Birds--Behavior Birds--Identification Birdsongs Ornithology Rare birds	1997-04-27	N/A	Rare birds documentation form	Rare bird documentation form for five Smith's Longspurs at Union Slough NWR in Kossuth County, IA on April 27, 1997.	Kenne, Matthew C.	Smith's Longspur	Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge	Union Slough NWR, Kossuth Co. main crossdike between B pool + C pool	marsh with open farm fields on both sides	The documentation form by Matthew Kenne is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: These birds didn't have white on the belly or black spilling from the face onto the chest or "bib" like Lapland Longspurs. There were no "tew" notes thrown in with the rattle calls, a possible point of separation between Smith's + Laps. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 09:10:00 and 09:20:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	35	67
Rare bird documentation form for Pine Warbler at Mason City, 1997	Field notes	Birds--Identification Ornithology Rare birds	1997-04-26	1997-06-02	Rare birds documentation form	Rare bird documentation form for a Pine Warbler at Mason City in Cerro Gordo County, IA on April 26, 1997.	Fischer, Carolyn J.	Pine Warbler	Mason City	yard, Mason City Cerro Gordo Co.	Trees, open area along creek -	The documentation form by Carolyn Fischer is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: thought possible a yellow-throated vireo, but didn't have a hooked bill - had a line through eye - Didn't have a gray rump - \| The original documentation form event lasted from 09:30:00/10:20:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	35	29
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Pacific Loon at West Okoboji, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-04-15	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Pacific Loon at West Okoboji in Dickinson County, IA on April 15, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, two photos, an article of Iowa Bird Life, and three documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Thelen, Ed	Pacific Loon	West Okoboji Lake	N. End of West Okoboji - Dickinson County	3800 Natural Lake with developed shoreline	The documentation form by Ed Thelen is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Lee Schonewe, and Douglas Harr were submitted later. Other observers included Tim Waltz. \| Elimination of similar species: Common Loons were also nearby and were larger with a flatter head, no chin strap and also white above the eye. Saw Loon fly only once. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:45:00/12:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	7	7
Rare bird documentation form for Townsend's Solitaire at Lake Ahquabi State Park, 1997	Field notes	Birds--Behavior Birds--Identification Birdsongs Ornithology Rare birds	1997-04-13	N/A	Rare birds documentation form	Rare bird documentation form for a Townsend's Solitaire at Lake Ahquabi State Park in Warren County, IA on April 13, 1997.	Johnson, Ann	Townsend's Solitaire	Lake Ahquabi State Park	Lake Ahquabi SP, Warren Co., IA		The documentation form by Ann Johnson is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Aaron Brees and Jim Sinclair. \| Elimination of similar species: Female bluebirds are similar in size and structure and have similar eye rings. The lack of any blue on the wings and tail and the presence of white outer tail feathers eliminates all bluebirds. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:45:00/15:45:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	35	5
Record Committee review for rare bird sighting of Red-throated Loon at Pleasant Creek Lake, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-04-13	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Record Committee review for a Red-throated Loon at Pleasant Creek Lake in Linn County, IA on April 13, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, an Iowa Bird Life article, a photo and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Fuller, James L	Red-throated Loon	Pleasant Creek State Park	Pleasant Creek Recreation Area (Linn County)		The documentation form by Jim Fuller is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Chris Edwards were submitted later. Other observers include John Daniel, Ken Lowder, and Dale Fye. \| Elimination of similar species: The other smaller loon, Pacific has darker gray upperparts and minimal white marks on the back, gray surrounding the eye, a straight bill, black eye, a more rounded top of the head, and often displays a chin strap, all features which differ from Red-throated Loon. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:37:00/14:54:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	7	5
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Chestnut-collared Longspur southwest of Percival, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-04-12	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Chestnut-collared Longspurs southwest of Percival in Fremont County, IA on April 12, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Padelford, Babs Padelford, Loren	Chestnut-collared Longspur	Percival	Percival Road, approximately one half mile north of Highway 2, Fremont County, Iowa		The documentation form by Babs and Loren Padelford is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: [...] Two males in breeding plumage were seen with about 45 Lapland Longspurs. The birds were the size of the Lapland Longspurs with sparrow-like conical bills. [...] The black tails had more white on the sides than the Lapland Longspurs had. \| The original documentation form event lasted approximately 10 minutes.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	43
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Chestnut-collared Longspur at Floyd Township in Woodbury County, 1997	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-04-12	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee for a Chestnut-collared Longspur at Floyd Township in Woodbury County, IA on April 12, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Huser, Bill F.	Chestnut-collared Longspur	Floyd Township	220th St & K-42, Woodbury County, IA	flat, open ground with short stubble fields, gravel road, snow	The documentation form by Bill Huser is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: As described above, the white face and tail and extensive black ventrum eliminated Lapland Longspurs, which were present for direct comparison. The yellow chin, black ventrum and chestnut nape eliminated McCown's Longspur. Extensive white tail and black ventrum also eliminated the Smith's Longspur. No sparrows have white retrices to this extent. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 08:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	43
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Chestnut-collared Longspur south of Grovers Lake, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-04-12	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Chestnut-collared Longpsur south of Grovers Lake in Dickinson County, IA on April 12, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, a photograph in Iowa Bird Life, an article in Field Notes, a photograph, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Schoenewe, Lee A.	Chestnut-collared Longspur	Grovers Lake	1/4 mile south of Grover's Lake, Dickinson County	Gravel road after snow storm	The documentation form by Lee A. Schoenewe forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Ed Thelen was submitted. Other observers include Gary Grange and LaVonne Foote. \| Elimination of similar species: other longspurs - dark belly + face pattern \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:35:00/10:50:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	43
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Chestnut-collared Longspur northwest of Larchwood, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-04-11	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Chestnut-collared Longspur northwest of Larchwood in Lyon County, IA on April 11, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and a documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Henrickson, Dennis	Chestnut-collared Longspur	Larchwood	northwest of Larchwood, Lyon County	Roadside (snow covered)	The documentation form by Dennis Henrickson is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: Male lapland lonspur [sic] has (1) much less ventral black (2) black streaks on the sides (3) black throat (4) tail mostly black \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:30:00/10:32:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	43
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Chestnut-collared Longspur east of Sutherland, 1997	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-04-10	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for sixteen Chestnut-collared Longspurs east of Sutherland in O'Brien County, IA on April 10, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Koenig, Darwin	Chestnut-collared Longspur	Sutherland	2 miles east of Sutherland, O'Brien County, Iowa		The documentation form by Darwin Koenig is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: Males are basically unmistakable: breeding plumaged males are different from Lapland longspurs by the yellow throat, chin, cheeks; black and white facial markings; more extensive black underparts, and tail pattern. Winter males are differentiated from McCowns and Lapland longspurs by the more extensive black mottling on the crown, chest and upper belly, and the tail pattern. Females were distinguished by the tail pattern. Try as I would, I could not stretch the black tail triangle into an inverted black T pattern!! And I had ample opportunity to observe the tail patterns in a variety of angles, positions, and distances. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:50:00/15:10:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	43
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for White-winged Dove at Ottumwa, 1997	Administrative records Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-04-08	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a White-winged Dove at Ottumwa in Wapello County, IA on April 8, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, four photographs, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Hoskins, Nelson R.	White-winged Dove	Ottumwa	Ottumwa, Ia.	Back yard, small trees, also across from cemetary [sic]	The documentation form by Nelson R. Hoskins is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: Mourning dove. Photos. \| The original documentation form event lasted from am to pm.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	12	10
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Black-necked Stilt at the Louisa Division in Port Louisa National Wildlife Refuge, 1997	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-03-26	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Black-necked Stilt at the Louisa Division in Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge in Louisa County, IA on March 26, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Sprunger, Amy, Allworth.	Black-necked Stilt	Port Louisa National Wildlife Refuge - Louisa Division	Mark Twain NWR, Wapello District, Louisa Division	Shallow fesh water, ~ 4-6"; near deeper open water	The documentation form by Amy Sprunger-Allworth is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: American avocet. The avocet has reddish neck & head colorations; also has a bill that curves upward near the end. The stilt was only black & white in coloration, with a straight bill. Legs of stilt were pinkish red. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 08:50:00/09:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	20
Rare bird documentation form for Trumpeter Swan at Big Marsh, 1997	Field notes Forms (documents)	Birds--Identification Ornithology Rare birds	1997-03-22	1997-04-06	Rare birds documentation form	Rare bird documentation form for two Trumpeter Swans at Big Marsh in Butler County, IA on March 22, 1997.	Proescholdt, Mark	Trumpeter Swan	Big Marsh Wildlife Area	Big marsh - (Butler County)	Huge marshy area	The documentation form by Mark Proescholdt is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Beth Proescholdt and Steve Dinsmore. \| Elimination of similar species: A Tundra Swan immature is much whiter by late winter than immature trumpeters. Tundra Swans have slightly concave bills and the black of the bills do not go completely to the eye in a triangle. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 16:30:00/16:45:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	32	30
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Rose-breasted Grosbeak at Waterman Prairie, 1997	Administrative records Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-03-20	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for eighteen Rose-breasted Grosbeaks at Waterman Prairie in O'Brien County, IA on March 20, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, a letter from Tom Kent to Ed Thelen, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Waltz, Tim J.	Rose-breasted Grosbeak	Waterman Prairie Wildlife Management Area	Waterman Prairie - 5 miles S.E. of Sutherland, IA	Timber Ridges with interspersed native prairie knobs	The documentation form by Tim Waltz is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Maury Muhm and Gary Wee. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:30:00/12:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	14	2
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Iceland Gull at Red Rock Reservoir Dam, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Correspondence Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-03-19	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for an Iceland Gull at Red Rock Reservoir Dam in Marion County, IA on March 19, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, photocopies of three photographs, an article in American Birds, an article in Birding, an article in Iowa Bird Life, correspondence about related bird sightings and review, documentation form for a related sighting and review, and a documentation form submitted to the committee for this review.	Brees, Aaron	Iceland Gull	Red Rock Dam	Red Rock Dam, Marion County, Iowa	rock bar below dam, in association with Ring-billed and Herring Gulls		Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	4
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Barnacle Goose at Green Castle Recreation Area, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-03-06	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Barnacle Goose at Green Castle Recreation Area in Marshall County, IA on March 6, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in the Marshalltown Times-Republican, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Proescholdt, Mark	Barnacle Goose	Green Castle Recreation Area	Green Castle Co. Park Marshall County		The documentation form by Mark Proescholdt is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Mike Stegmann and Gary Brandenburg. \| Elimination of similar species: Canada Geese much larger than bird. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 18:05:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	10
Iowa Ornithologists' Union, Quarterly field report, spring 1997	Field notes	Bird watching Birds--Research Ornithology--Societies, etc Weather	1997-03-01	1997-05-31	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Quarterly field report for the spring of 1997 compiled by Thomas H. Kent.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934- Iowa Ornithologists' Union	Vermilion Flycatcher Western Tanager Chestnut-collared Longspur White-winged Dove Black-billed Magpie Lazuli Bunting Pacific Loon Barnacle Goose Black-necked Stilt Iceland Gull Great Gray Owl Black-throated Gray Warbler	Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	27	4
Big Bluestem Flyer, Volume 32, Number 4, March/April 1997	Newsletters	Bird watchers Columbiformes \| Doves and Pigeons Environmental policy Ornithology--Societies, etc Wildlife conservation Books--Reviews International Migratory Bird Day	1997-03-01	1997-04-30	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	The newsletter of the Big Bluestem Audubon Society (Ames, Iowa), Volume 32, Number 4, March/April 1997. Highlights of the newsletter include reports for several January and February field trips, a Birder of the Month column profiling former society board member Kay Niyo, an update on concerns with the Endangered Species Act, and an article "The Feral Domestic Pigeon" authored by Wilmer J. Miller,	Big Bluestem Audubon Society (Ames, Iowa) Shivvers, Rebecca A.		Ames				Big Bluestem Audubon Society \| MS 592	3	6
Rare bird documentation form for Townsend's Solitaire southwest of Washta, 1997	Field notes	Birds--Identification Birdsongs Ornithology Ornithology--Technique Rare birds	1997-02-23	N/A	Rare birds documentation form	Rare bird documentation form for a Townsend's Solitaire southwest of Washta in Cherokee County, IA on February 23, 1997.	Thelen, Rob	Townsend's Solitaire	Washta	app. 1 3/4 m. SW of Washta in Cherokee Co.	Cedar Tree's, Timber, River Ridge	The documentation form by Rob Thelen is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Joe Clark, Marty Thelen, Wes Thelen, and Peter Ernzen. \| Elimination of similar species: came to Solitaire Tape. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 10:30:00/11:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	35	5
Rare bird documentation form for Prairie Falcon in Cerro Gordo County, 1997	Field notes	Birds--Identification Ornithology Rare birds	1997-02-22	1997-02-23	Rare birds documentation form	Rare bird documentation form for a Prairie Falcon in Cerro Gordo County, IA on February 22, 1997.	Thelen, Rob	Prairie Falcon	Cerro Gordo Wind Farm	1/2 m. S of 210th + Cardinal, Cerro Gordo Co.	Dead Cottonwood in Farmland (Open)	The documentation form by Rob Thelen is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Joe Clark. \| Elimination of similar species: This Falcon had the Dark Armpits. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 11:30:00/11:33:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	33	35
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Ferruginous Hawk at Thornton, 1997	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-02-12	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Ferruginous Hawk at Thornton in Cerro Gordo, IA on February 12, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, a photo, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and five documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Fischer, Carolyn J.	Ferruginous Hawk	Thornton	S.W. Cerro Gordo Co. N.W. of Thornton	open country	The documentation form by Carolyn Fischer is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Jim Fuller, Jim Dinsmore, Thomas Kent, and Stephen Dinsmore were submitted later. Other observers include Dick Tetrault, Helen Fye, Dale Fye, Diane Porter, G. Foster, Chris Caster, Mike Overton, Dixie Overton, Rob Muilenburg, Jan Walter, Tim Phalen, Lowell Washburn, Gerald White, and many unidentified observers. \| Elimination of similar species: Krider's Hawk - face wasn't all white + back wasn't heavily spotted. Also larger - Red-tailed Hawk - could not see dark patagial marks. Wingtips were long. Tail was not red - \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:30:00/15:20:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	1
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Great Gray Owl at Claybanks Forest, 1997	Administrative records Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-02-08	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Great Gray Owl at Claybanks Forest in Cerro Gordo County, IA on February 8, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes, a photograph, a photocopy of a photograph, and four documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Allen, Pam Allen, Reid I.	Great Gray Owl	Claybanks Forest	Cerro Gordo County, 1/4 mile west of the intersection of Wren and 225th Street; on 225th St.		The documentation form by Pam and Reid Allen forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Carolyn Fischer, Jim Fuller, and Stephen J. Dinsmore were submitted. Other observers include Mark Proescholdt, Beth Proescholdt, James J. Dinsmore, Dick Tetrault, Chris Caster, Dale Fye, Diane Porter, Ron Muilenberg, Gerald White, Jan Walter, Rita Pedelty, Tom Fischer, and many unidentified observers. \| Elimination of similar species: There really is no other owl except a Barred Owl which could be confused with this bird. The yellow eyes of the Great Gray Owl eliminated the possibility of a Barred Owl which has dark eyes. Also, size would eliminate the Barred Owl. The Great Gray Owl looked almost twice as large as a Barred Owl. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:52:00/16:09:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	12	18
Rare bird documentation form for Lesser Black-backed Gull at Ottumwa, 1997	Field notes	Birds--Identification Ornithology Rare birds	1997-01-06	1997-01-07	Rare birds documentation form	Rare bird documentation form for a Lesser Black-backed Gull at Ottumwa in Wapello County, IA on January 6, 1997.	Dinsmore, Stephen J.	Lesser Black-backed Gull	Ottumwa	Ottumwa, Wapello Co., IA	river	The documentation form by Stephen J. Dinsmore is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: The bird was in the company of Ring-billed and Herring gulls which were easily eliminated on the basis of mantle color. California Gull is slightly smaller, is lighter-mantled, and shows more white in the primaries. Great-black-backed, Slaty-backed, and Western gulls are all larger and have heavier bills. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 15:10:00/15:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	34	36
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Lark Sparrow south of Riverton, 1997	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-01-04	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Lark Sparrow south of Riverton in Fremont County, IA on January 4, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Harms, Jacqueline M.	Lark Sparrow	Riverton	1 mile south of Riverton, IA	deciduous edge woods adjacent to corn field	The documentation form by Jacqueline M. Harms is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Jarrett Harms, Joe Worthington, Marla Worthington, Larry Falk, and Derry Wolford. \| Elimination of similar species: Vesper Sparrow - no face pattern Juncos - wrong color Amer. tree Sparrow - no white outer tail feathers \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:00:00/14:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	32
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of American Woodcock at Cedar Rapids, 1997	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1997-01-04	2000-11-24	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for an American Woodcock at Cedar Rapids in Linn County, IA on January 4, 1997. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	McKay, Kelly	American Woodcock	Cedar Rapids	Cedar Rapids	It flew over us. Sitting on ground at base of rocky bluff in a nature bluff forest, before it flushed	The documentation form by Kelly J. McKay is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Mark Bollinger. \| Elimination of similar species: Common Snipe - Wrong habitat; American Woodcock, much larger. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 05:30:00/05:30:05.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	10	10