Documents • Iowa State University • Avian Archives of Iowa Online

Title	Genres	Topics	Date (Start)	Date (End)	Type	Description	Creator/Author	Birds	Locations	Locality	Habitat	Remarks

Iowa Birdline update, December 2, 1991	Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Birds--Identification Dial-a-message telephone calls	1991-12-02	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Email of Iowa Birdline updates for December 2, 1991. The highlights for the update include sightings of Thayer's Gulls, Lesser Black-backed Gull, both a Mute Swan and an immature Tundra Swan, White-winged Scoter and a Long-tailed Duck. Also included are handwritten notes with sightings of a Great Black-backed Gull and an immature Golden Eagle.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Fuller, James L	Thayer's Gull Great Black-backed Gull Lapland Longspur Snow Bunting Mute Swan Long-tailed Duck Lesser Black-backed Gull White-winged Scoter Golden Eagle Tundra Swan	Coralville Lake Grays Lake Ida County Iowa City Lake Red Rock Pleasant Creek State Park Red Rock Dam Plymouth				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	41	6
Thomas H. Kent letter to Charles Fuller requesting additional bird sighting details, December 2, 1991	Correspondence	Bird watching	1991-12-02	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Letter from Thomas H. Kent to Charles Fuller requesting additional field report information including dates and location clarifications. This item was used as supporting documentation for the Iowa Ornithologists’ Union Quarterly field report of fall 1991. This item is requesting additional information from item https://avian.lib.iastate.edu/documents/4721/view and is related to https://avian.lib.iastate.edu/documents/4723/view.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-		Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	24	7
Field notes contributed by Dennis L. Carter, December 2, 1991	Field notes	Bird watching Birds--Counting Birds--Research Parulidae \| Warblers Birds--Infancy Birds--Feeding and feeds	1991-12-02	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	List of birds and locations contributed by Dennis L. Carter. The field notes include details on several species. This item was used as supporting documentation for the Iowa Ornithologists’ Union Quarterly field report of fall 1991.	Carter, Dennis L.	Rusty Blackbird Rose-breasted Grosbeak American White Pelican Western Grebe Surf Scoter Osprey Sora Red-necked Phalarope Fox Sparrow Red-breasted Nuthatch Tundra Swan	Cardinal Marsh State Wildlife Area Sweet Marsh Black Hawk Lake Effigy Mounds National Monument Pool 9 Silver Lake Burr Oak				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	24	7
Field notes and James J. Dinsmore letter to Thomas H. Kent, December 5, 1991	Correspondence Field notes	Bird feeders Bird watching Birds--Identification Birds--Research Birds--Infancy	1991-12-05	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	List of birds and locations contributed by James J. Dinsmore. Included with the field notes is a letter from James J. Dinsmore to Thomas H. Kent regarding the sighting of three Sandhill Cranes. This item was used as supporting documentation for the Iowa Ornithologists’ Union Quarterly field report of fall 1991.	Dinsmore, James J.	Northern Flicker Savannah Sparrow Northern Goshawk Red Phalarope House Finch Willet Sandhill Crane	Ames Otter Creek Marsh State Wildlife Refuge Runnells Sandpiper Recreation Area				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	24	7
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Thayer's Gull at Red Rock Dam, 1991	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1991-12-07	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Thayer's Gull at Red Rock Dam in Marion County, IA on December 7, 1991. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Thayer's Gull	Red Rock Dam	Red Rock Res., Marion Co., IA	below dam on river	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include around twenty unidentified observers on IOU field trip. \| Elimination of similar species: Much lighter and more uniform than 1st winter Herring Gulls flying in area. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 08:00:00/09:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	3
Iowa Birdline update, December 9, 1991	Correspondence Field notes	Bird feeders Bird watching Birds--Identification Laridae \| Gulls and Terns Dial-a-message telephone calls	1991-12-09	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Email of Iowa Birdline updates for December 9, 1991. The highlights for the update include sightings of White-winged Crossbills, Great Black-backed Gull, several Eurasian Tree Sparrows, an adult Mute Swan, immature Golden Eagle and an overwintering Great Blue Heron. Also included are handwritten notes with sightings of several species of Gulls, and a Short-eared Owl.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Fuller, James L	Red-shouldered Hawk Great Black-backed Gull Snow Bunting Short-eared Owl Mute Swan White-winged Crossbill Common Redpoll Eurasian Tree Sparrow Golden Eagle Great Blue Heron	Atlantic Burlington Cerro Gordo County Elk Rock State Park Ida County Ida Grove Montrose Rathbun Lake Red Rock Dam Hardin County Crawford Creek County Recreation Area				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	41	6
Iowa field reports 1991, December 10, 1991	Field notes	Bird watching	1991-12-10	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	List of birds and locations contributed by the Iowa Ornithologists' Union. This item was used as supporting documentation for the Iowa Ornithologists’ Union Quarterly field report of fall 1991.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union		Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	24	7
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Marbled Murrelet at Whitebreast Cove at Red Rock Reservoir, 1991	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1991-12-12	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Marbled Murrelet at Whitebreast Cove at Red Rock Reservoir in Marion County, IA on December 12, 1991. Includes a record review document with votes, field notes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, correspondence relevant to bird sighting and review, and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Dinsmore, Stephen J.	Marbled Murrelet	Whitebreast Recreation Area	Red Rock Reservoir, Marion Co.-off Whitebreast Cove	large patch of open water on reservoir	The documentation form by Stephen J. Dinsmore is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Another observer was Brian Warson. \| Elimination of similar species: The bird was clearly an alcid. The small size rules out the murres, Razorbill, and guillemots (see earlier discussion). The long, thin bill eliminates Dovekie, Ancient Murrelet, and all of the auklets. The bill shape, dark cap that included the eye, and presence of two white patches on each side eliminates all other murrelets, especially Kittlitz's. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 15:15:00/15:24:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	12	5
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Swainson's Hawk at Stone Park, 1991	Administrative reports Field notes Forms (documents)	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1991-12-14	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Swainson's Hawk at Stone Park in Plymouth County, IA on December 14, 1991. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Williams, Randall D.	Swainson's Hawk	Stone State Park	1 mile north of west entrance to Stone State Park on highway 12	hovering above loess bluff; overlooking Big Sioux River Floodplain	The documentation form by Randall D. Williams is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Mike Franken. \| Elimination of similar species: Red-tailed Hawk: wings held flat when soaring; presence of red tail patagial patches present, no bib. Rough-legged Hawk: dark belly-band or girdle. carpal wing patches present. Dark band on trailing edge of wing (immature). \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:00:00/14:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	8	32
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Gyrfalcon north of Cambridge, 1991	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1991-12-14	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review of a Gyrfalcon north of Cambridge in Story County, IA on December 14, 1991. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Cook, Barnett C.	Gyrfalcon	Cambridge	2 mi north of Cambridge, Story County	open	The documentation form by Barney Cook is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Fritz Franzen and Stu Huntington. \| The original documentation form event occurred around 15:00:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	9	4
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Thayer's Gull at Lock and Dam 15 near Davenport, 1991	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1991-12-15	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Thayer's Gull at Lock and Dam 15 near Davenport in Scott County, IA on December 15, 1991. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Blevins, Brian L.	Thayer's Gull	Lock and Dam 15	Lock + Dam 15 on Mississippi River	Mississippi River Flyway just below the Dam	The documentation form by Brian Blevins is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Corey Blevins, Lewis Blevins, and Peter C. Petersen. \| Elimination of similar species: Herring Gull -> Immature - eliminated by the light brown color continuous all the way throughout the wingtips, thus there was not a darkening towards the wing tips. Adult - eliminated by the light mantle getting lighter towards the wingtips, with just a few grey spots on the primaries. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 15:15:00/15:45:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	3
Iowa Birdline update, December 16, 1991	Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Birds--Identification Laridae \| Gulls and Terns Dial-a-message telephone calls	1991-12-16	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Email of Iowa Birdline updates for December 16, 1991. The highlights for the update include the sighting a Marbled Murrelet, Glaucous Gulls including two first year birds, and a first year Thayer's Gull. Also included are handwritten notes with sightings of a Common Redpoll, White-winged Crossbill, Snow Bunting, Long and Short-eared Owls and twelve Eurasian Tree Sparrows.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Fuller, James L	Thayer's Gull Snow Bunting Short-eared Owl White-winged Crossbill Common Redpoll Northern Goshawk Eurasian Tree Sparrow Greater Scaup Hooded Merganser Glaucous Gull Long-eared Owl Marbled Murrelet	Burlington Cedar Rapids Iowa City Jamaica Lake Red Rock Lock and Dam 14 Lock and Dam 15 Marion County				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	41	6
Iowa Birdline update, December 23, 1991	Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Birds--Identification Waterfowl Dial-a-message telephone calls	1991-12-23	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Email of Iowa Birdline updates for December 23, 1991. The highlights for the update include sightings of a Black-legged Kittiwake, Tundra Swan, Trumpeter Swan, Prairie Falcon, two species of gulls and a Golden Eagle. Also included are handwritten notes with sightings of a Northern Saw-whet Owl, large numbers of waterfowl on Rathbun Lake and a Lesser Black-backed Gull.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Fuller, James L	Prairie Falcon Thayer's Gull Trumpeter Swan Lesser Black-backed Gull Black-legged Kittiwake Golden Eagle Glaucous Gull Northern Saw-whet Owl Northern Mockingbird Tundra Swan	Dale Maffitt Reservoir Davenport Dubuque Hickory Hill Park Lock and Dam 14 Lock and Dam 15 Princeton State Wildlife Management Area Rathbun Lake Saylorville Lake Louisa County Glendale Cemetery				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	41	6
Iowa fall 1991 documentations, December 24, 1991	Field notes	Bird watching Laridae \| Gulls and Terns Gaviiformes \| Loons Parulidae \| Warblers	1991-12-24	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	List of birds and locations contributed by the Iowa Ornithologists' Union. This item was used as supporting documentation for the Iowa Ornithologists’ Union Quarterly field report of fall 1991.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union		Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	24	7
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Thayer's Gull at Lock and Dam 13, 1991	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1991-12-28	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Thayer's Gulls at Lock and Dam 13 in Clinton County, IA on December 28, 1991. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Blevins, Brian L.	Thayer's Gull	Lock and Dam 13	Lock + Dam 13 on Mississippi River	Mississippi River Flyway just Below the Dam	The documentation form by Brian Blevins is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. Other observers include Corey Blevins, Lewis Blevins, and Jennifer Anderson. \| Elimination of similar species: Herring Gull -> eliminated by the light brown color continuous all the way throughout the wingtips, thus there was not a darkening towards the wing tips. The mantle was also lighter than those of the nearby Herring Gulls. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:30:00/14:50:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	3
Iowa Birdline update, December 30-31, 1991	Correspondence Field notes	Bird watching Birds--Identification Laridae \| Gulls and Terns Dial-a-message telephone calls	1991-12-30	1991-12-31	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Email of Iowa Birdline updates for December 30-31, 1991. The highlights for the update include sightings of a first-winter Glaucous Gull, two adult Golden Eagles and a Black-legged Kittiwake. Also included are handwritten notes with sightings of two possibly three Iceland Gulls, a Snowy Owl and a Pileated Woodpecker.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Fuller, James L	Thayer's Gull Short-eared Owl Snowy Owl Iceland Gull Lesser Black-backed Gull Black-legged Kittiwake Golden Eagle Peregrine Falcon Glaucous Gull Pileated Woodpecker	Allamakee County Des Moines Lake Red Rock Lock and Dam 14 Lake Manawa Hayden Prairie State Wildlife Area Waverly Alvord				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	41	6
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Iceland Gull at Lock and Dam 14 near Le Claire, 1991	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1991-12-31	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for an Iceland Gull at Lock and Dam 14 near Le Claire in Scott County, IA on December 31, 1991. Includes a record review document with votes, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Iceland Gull	Lock and Dam 14	Lock and Dam 14, Scott Co., IA	Mississippi River	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Jim Fuller was submitted later. Other observers include Pete Wickham, John Daniel, Chuck Fuller, Bill Dawes, and John Rutenbeck. \| Elimination of similar species: At first I thought the bird might be a Glaucous Gull, but the all black bill quickly excluded that possibility. Later I confirmed that the bird was smaller than Herrings and had a bill that was too small and too short for a Glaucous. I believe that the tail band also argues against Glaucous. I next considered Thayer's Gull, but decided that the tail band was not extensive enough, that there was no secondary bar, that the wing tips were too light (both in flight and on the standing bird), and that the tertials were not dark enough on the standing bird. All of the findings were a good fit for first-winter Iceland Gull. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 13:15:00/13:35:00 on December 31, 1991 and 08:55:00/10:20:00 on January 1, 1992.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	4
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Thayer's Gull at Lock and Dam 15 near Davenport, 1991	Administrative records Field notes	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1991-12-31	1993-07-17	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Thayer's Gull at Lock and Dam 15 near Davenport in Scott County, IA on December 31, 1991. Includes a record review document with votes and a documentation form submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Thayer's Gull	Lock and Dam 15	Lock + Dam 15, Davenport, Scott Co., IA	Mississippi River	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the only one submitted and forms the basis of this record. \| Elimination of similar species: Translucent flight feathers and upper wing pattern and lighter tail band separate from Herring Gull \| The original documentation form event lasted from 14:30:00/14:35:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	3
Iowa Ornithologists' Union pamphlet	Brochures Printed ephemera	Bird watching Ornithology--Societies, etc Wildlife conservation	1992-01-01	1992-01-31	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Iowa Ornithologists' Union promotional pamphlet printed in January 1992.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union		Iowa				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	1	6
Documents regarding the 1992 Boone Christmas Bird Count	Checklists Instructions (document genre) Maps (documents)	Bird surveys Bird watching Birds--Counting	1992-01-01	1992-12-31	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	A group of documents related to the 1992 Boone Christmas Bird Count, including the count areas with leaders and participants, a map of the area to be surveyed, a general information and statistics form, and an area report form with several bird species listed.	Big Bluestem Audubon Society (Ames, Iowa)		Boone County				Big Bluestem Audubon Society \| MS 592	1	5
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Iceland Gull at Lock and Dam 14 near Le Claire, 1992	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1992-01-04	1994-10-18	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Iceland Gulls at Lock and Dam 14 near Le Claire in Scott County, IA on January 4, 1992. Includes a record review document with votes, two photographs, an article in Iowa Bird Life, and two documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Iceland Gull	Lock and Dam 14	Lock and Dam 14, Scott Co. Iowa	Mississippi River	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Another documentation form by Peter C. Petersen was submitted later. Other observers include Dan Dorrance and many unidentified observers. \| Elimination of similar species: The overall size, head size, bill size, and lack of dipped-in-ink effect on the bill tip exclude Glaucous Gull. I excluded Thayer's Gull because both of these birds had very light primaries (not dark webs on the outer primaries). Neither had a secondary bar or in fact any distinctive marking on the wings. The lack of tail band in the first year bird also excludes Thayer's Gull. I was impressed by the paleness of the gray mantle in the second-year bird, but have too little experience with older Thayer's Gulls to make a comparison. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 11:30:00/12:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	4
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting of Iceland Gull at Lock and Dam 14, 1992	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1992-01-04	1994-10-18	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for two Iceland Gulls at Lock and Dam 14 in Scott County, IA on January 4, 1992. Includes a record review document with votes, an Iowa Bird Life article, four photographs, and seven documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Iceland Gull	Lock and Dam 14	Lock and Dam 14, Scott Co. Iowa	Mississippi River	The documentation form by Thomas H. Kent is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Robert Cecil, James Fuller, Ann Johnson, Peter C. Petersen, Raymond Cummins, Randall Pinkston were submitted later. Other observers include Beth Brown, Dan Dorrance, Ross Silcock, Tanya Bray, Pete Wickham, Tim Schantz, and many unidentified observers. \| Elimination of similar species: The overall size, head size, bill size, and lack of dipped-in-ink effect on the bill tip exclude Glaucous Gull. I excluded Thayer's Gull because both of these birds had very light primaries (not dark webs on the outer primaries). Neither had a secondary bar or in fact any distinctive marking on the wings. The lack of tail band in the first year bird also excludes Thayer's Gull. I was impressed by the paleness of the gray mantle in the second-year bird, but have too little experience with older Thayer's Gulls to make a comparison. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 11:30:00/12:30:00.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	11	4
Iowa Birdline update, January 6, 1992	Correspondence Field notes	Bird feeders Bird watching Birds--Identification Anseriformes \| Ducks, Geese, and Swans Laridae \| Gulls and Terns Dial-a-message telephone calls	1992-01-06	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Email of Iowa Birdline updates for Januaray 6, 1992. The highlights for the update include sightings of a Prairie Falcon, Snowy Owl and a female American Wigeon. Also included are handwritten notes with sightings of a Pine Warbler, Winter Wren and a Mute Swan.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Fuller, James L	Prairie Falcon Mute Swan American White Pelican Snowy Owl American Wigeon Northern Saw-whet Owl Pileated Woodpecker Chipping Sparrow Winter Wren Pine Warbler	Homestead Pleasantville Rathbun Lake Sioux Center Rock Valley Waverly Alvord Crapo Park Meekers Landing				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	42	1
Records Committee review for rare bird sighting for Pine Warbler at Pleasantville, 1992	Administrative records Clippings (information artifacts) Field notes Photographs	Bird watching Ornithology Ornithology--Societies, etc	1992-01-12	1994-10-18	Rare birds documentation form	Records Committee review for a Pine Warbler at Pleasantville in Marion County, IA on January 12, 1992. Includes a record review document with votes, an Iowa Bird Life article and cover page, a photograph, and three documentation forms submitted to the committee.	Kent, Thomas H. (Thomas Hugh), 1934-	Pine Warbler	Pleasantville	Gladys Black's feeder, Pleasantville, IA	small town	The documentation form by Thomas Kent is the earliest and the one that forms the basis of this record. Other documentation forms by Mark Proescholdt and Ann Johnson were submitted later. Other observers include Gladys Black, Tim Schantz, Pam Allen, Reid Allen, and unidentified other observers. \| Elimination of similar species: The thin bill was not that of a vireo. The bird was too large and elongated for a kinglet. Orange-crowned Warbler does not have wing bars or as bright a yellow color on breast. Also too yellow for the much less likely Bay-breasted or Blackpoll Warblers. \| The original documentation form event lasted from 08:30:00Z/08:33:00Z.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	13	20
Iowa Birdline update, January 13, 1992	Correspondence Field notes	Bird feeders Bird watching Birds--Identification Laridae \| Gulls and Terns Waterfowl Dial-a-message telephone calls	1992-01-13	N/A	Manuscript, graphic, and printed material	Email of Iowa Birdline updates for January 13, 1992. The highlights for the update include sightings of an adult Great Black-backed Gull, Lesser Black-backed Gull, Glaucous Gull and other gull species. In addition to the gulls there were Common Redpolls and two adult Tundra Swans. Also included are handwritten notes with sightings of a Red-shouldered Hawk and a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.	Iowa Ornithologists' Union Fuller, James L	Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Red-shouldered Hawk Thayer's Gull Great Black-backed Gull Pied-billed Grebe Loggerhead Shrike Common Redpoll Lesser Black-backed Gull Glaucous Gull Tundra Swan	Cedar Lake Credit Island George Wyth Memorial State Park Lacey-Keosauqua State Park Lock and Dam 14 Lock and Dam 15 Marion Princeton State Wildlife Management Area Fairfield				Iowa Ornithologists' Union \| MS 166	42	1